Anthropology is the scientific study and analysis of human beings and humanity. Anthropologists seek to understand all the world's cultures, customs, artifacts, knowledge, habits, history, etc. Anthropology emerged as a distinct academic discipline in England and America in the late 19th and early 20th century. Anthropology grew primarily out of natural history initially, and has since come to depend upon archaeology, paleontology, biology, psychology, the humanities, social science, and other areas. Since WWII, anthropology has increasingly modeled itself after the natural sciences, relying more on empirical evidence and less on subjective analysis.
Anthropology is composed of four closely interrelated fields. The first is biological or physical anthropology, which simply tries to understand the human being as a living organism. Population genetics and primatology comes in handy here. The second, and largest field, is socio-cultural anthropology, involving field studies comparing or recording any number of thousands of social or cultural patterns. The distinction between socio-cultural anthropology and certain parts of psychology and sociology may be fuzzy. The third field is linguistic anthropology, which focuses on language, including its history and many complex branches. The fourth field is archaeology, which seeks to excavate artifacts, bones, and other clues to shed light on how people lived in past cultures.
Anthropology looks at humanity's entire history, starting when modern humans first evolved in Africa about 200,000 years ago. About 50,000 years ago, humans starting wandering outside the boundaries of Africa by crossing the Sinai peninsula. Human bones dating to this time have been found in Israel. From there, humanity spread west into Europe and east into Asia and Australia, where fossils dating to 46,000 years ago have been found. Throughout Eurasia, humanity displaced other homonids, such as Neanderthals and Homo erectus. 46,000 years ago in Australia, most land animals weighing more than 100 kg (220 lb) abruptly went extinct, indicating humanity's arrival. By 30,000 years ago, Neanderthals were extinct; one of the last colonies was located near the strait of Gibraltar.
Either 30,000 or about 14,000 years ago, humans crossed the Bering strait land bridge into the Americas, arriving in New Mexico by 13,000 years ago, then spreading southward to reach Tierro del Fuego by 8,000 BC certainly, but possibly much earlier.
In thousands of years of relative isolation since our dispersal, humanity has developed thousands of distinct cultures, languages, traditions, and tools. The aim of anthropology is to make sense of it all.
By Michael Anissimov